On August 1-2, 1946, some Americans, brutalized by their county government,
used armed force as a last resort to overturn it. These Americans wanted honest
open elections. For years they had asked for state or federal election monitors
to prevent vote fraud (forged ballots, secret ballot counts and intimidation by
armed sheriff's deputies) by the local political boss. They got no help.
These Americans' absolute refusal to knuckle under had been hardened by service
in World War II. Having fought to free other countries from murderous regimes,
they rejected vicious abuse by their county government.
These Americans had a choice. Their state's Constitution -- Article 1, Section
26 -- recorded their right to keep and bear arms for the common defense. Few
"gun control" laws had been enacted.
These Americans were residents of McMinn County, which is located between
Chattanooga and Knoxville in Eastern Tennessee. The two main towns were Athens
and Etowah. McMinn County residents had long been independent political
thinkers. For a long time they also had: accepted bribe-taking by politicians
and/or the sheriff to overlook illicit whiskey-making and gambling; financed
the sheriff's department from fines-usually for speeding or public drunkenness
which promoted false arrests; and put up with voting fraud by both Democrats
and Republicans.
The wealthy Cantrell family, of Etowah, backed Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the
1932 election, hoping New Deal programs would revive the local economy and help
Democrats to replace Republicans in the county government. So it proved.
Paul Cantrell was elected sheriff in the 1936,1938 and 1940 elections, but by
slim margins. The sheriff was the key county official. Cantrell was elected to
the state senate in 1942 and 1944; his chief deputy, Pat Mansfield, was elected
sheriff. In 1946 Paul Cantrell again sought the sheriff's office.
At the end of 1945, some 3,000 battle-hardened veterans returned to McMinn
County; the GIs held Cantrell politically responsible for Mansfield's doings.
Early in 1946, some newly returned ex-GIs decided to challenge Cantrell
politically by offering an all-ex-GI, non-partisan ticket. They promised a
fraud-free election, stating in ads and speeches that there would be an honest
ballot count and reform of county government.
At a rally, a GI speaker said, "The principles that we fought for in this
past war do not exist in McMinn County. We fought for democracy because we
believe in democracy but not the form we live under in this county" (Daily
Post-Athenian, 17 June 1946, p.1 ). At the end of July 1946, 159 McMinn County
GIs petitioned the FBI to send election monitors. There was no response. The
Department of Justice had not responded to McMinn County residents' complaints
of election fraud in 1940, 1942 and 1944.
The primary election was held on August 1. To intimidate voters, Mansfield
brought in some 200 armed "deputies." GI poll-watchers were beaten
almost at once. At about 3 p.m., Tom Gillespie, an African- American voter was
told by a sheriff's deputy that he could not vote. Despite being beaten,
Gillespie persisted. The enraged deputy shot him. The gunshot drew a crowd.
Rumors spread that Gillespie had been shot in the back; he later recovered (C.
Stephen Byrum, The Battle of Athens, Paidia Productions, Chattanooga, TN, 1987;
pp. 155-57).
Other deputies detained ex-GI poll-watchers in a polling place, as that made
the ballot counting "Public" A crowd gathered. Sheriff Mansfield told
his deputies to disperse the crowd. When the two ex-GIs smashed a big window
and escaped, the crowd surged forward. The deputies, with guns drawn, formed a
tight half-circle around the front of the polling place. One deputy, "his
gun raised high...shouted: 'If you sons of bitches cross this street I'll kill
you!'" (Byrum, p.165).
Mansfield took the ballot boxes to the jail for counting. The deputies seemed
to fear immediate attack by the "people who had just liberated Europe and
the South Pacific from two of the most powerful war machines in human
history" (Byrum, pp. 168-69).
Short of firearms and ammunition, the GIs scoured the county to find them. By
borrowing keys to the National Guard and State Guard armories, they got three
M-1 rifles, five .45 semi-automatic pistols and 24 British Enfield rifles. The
armories were nearly empty after the war's end. By 8 p.m. a group of GIs and
"local boys" headed for the jail but left the back door unguarded to
give the jail's defenders an easy way out.
Three GIs alerting passersby to danger were fired on from the jail. Two GIs
were wounded. Other GIs returned fire.
Firing subsided after 30 minutes; ammunition ran low and night had fallen.
Thick brick walls shielded those inside the jail. Absent radios, the GIs' rifle
fire was uncoordinated. "From the hillside fire rose and fell in
disorganized cascades. More than anything else, people were simply shooting at
the jail" (Byrum, p.189).
Several who ventured into the street in front of the jail were wounded. One man
inside the jail was badly hurt; he recovered. Most sheriff's deputies wanted to
hunker down and await rescue. Governor McCord mobilized the State Guard,
perhaps to scare the GIs into withdrawing. The State Guard never went to
Athens. McCord may have feared that Guard units filled with ex-GIs might not
fire on other ex-GIs.
At about 2 a.m. on August 2, the GIs forced the issue. Men from Meigs County
threw dynamite sticks and damaged the jail's porch. The panicked deputies
surrendered. GIs quickly secured the building. Paul Cantrell faded into the
night, having almost been shot by a GI who knew him, but whose .45 pistol had
jammed. Mansfield's deputies were kept overnight in jail for their own safety.
Calm soon returned. The GIs posted guards. The rifles borrowed from the armory
were cleaned and returned before sunup.
In five precincts free of vote fraud, the GI candidate for sheriff, Knox Henry,
won 1,168 votes to Cantrell's 789. Other GI candidates won by similar margins.
The GI's did not hate Cantrell. They only wanted honest government. On August
2, a town meeting set up a three-man governing committee. The regular police
having fled, six men were chosen to police Etowah. In addition,
"Individual citizens were called upon to form patrols or guard groups,
often led by a GI... To their credit, however, there is not a single mention of
an abuse of power on their behalf" (Byrum, p. 220).
Once the GI candidates' victory had been certified, they cleaned up county
government, the jail was fixed, newly elected officials accepted a $5,000 pay
limit and Mansfield supporters who resigned were replaced.
The general election on November 5 passed quietly. McMinn County residents,
having restored the rule of law, returned to their daily lives. Pat Mansfield
moved back to Georgia. Paul Cantrell set up an auto dealership in Etowah.
"Almost everyone who knew Cantrell in the years after the Battle' agree
that he was not bitter about what had happened" (Byrum pp. 232-33; see
also New York Times, 9 August 1946, p. 8).
The 79th Congress adjourned on August 2, 1946, when the Battle of Athens ended.
However, Representative John Jennings Jr. from Tennessee decried McMinn
County's sorry situation under Cantrell and Mansfield and the Justice
Department's repeated failures to help the McMinn County residents. Jennings
was delighted that "...at long last, decency and honesty, liberty and law
have returned to the fine county of McMinn.. " (Congressional Record,
House; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1946; Appendix,
Volume 92, Part 13, p. A4870).
Those who took up arms in Athens, Tennessee, wanted honest elections, a
cornerstone of our constitutional order. They had repeatedly tried to get
federal or state election monitors and had used armed force so as to minimize
harm to the law-breakers, showing little malice to the defeated law-breakers.
They restored lawful government.
The Battle of Athens clearly shows how Americans can and should lawfully use
armed force and also shows why the rule of law requires unrestricted access to
firearms and how civilians with military-type firearms can beat the forces of
government gone bad.
Dictators believe that public order is more important than the rule of law.
However, Americans reject this idea. Brutal political repression is lethal to
many. An individual criminal can harm a handful of people. Governments alone
can brutalize thousands, or millions.
Law-abiding McMinn County residents won the Battle of Athens because they were
not hamstrung by "gun control " They showed us when citizens can and
should use armed force to support the rule of law.
From a JPFO Supporter
THE BATTLE OF ATHENS, TENNESSEE — FROM MY OWN RESEARCH —
I have done my own research into the Battle of Athens, Tennessee, 1946, and even
traveled to Athens, Tennessee, for that research. The following are the
pristine examples of a fight for freedom that I uncovered from my research:
---------------------------------------
SOURCE: The Daily Post-Athenian, Athens, Tenn., August 7, 1946; pages 1, 6.
Mrs. Roosevelt Grasps Local Facts Better Than Most
Editor's Note — Our attention has been called to Mrs. Roosevelt's column
upon McMinn. She seems to have grasped the facts and significance better than
any other outside writer:
McMinn A Warning — By Eleanor Roosevelt
New York, Monday — After any war, the use of force throughout the world is
almost taken for granted. Men involved in the war have been trained to use
force, and they have discovered that, when you want something, you can take it.
The return to peacetime methods governed by law and persuasion is usually
difficult.
We in the U.S.A., who have long boasted that, in our political life, freedom in
the use of the secret ballot made it possible for us to register the will of
the people without the use of force, have had a rude awakening as we read of
conditions in McMinn County, Tennessee, which brought about the use of force in
the recent primary. If a political machine does not allow the people free
expression, then freedom-loving people lose their faith in the machinery under
which their government functions.
In this particular case, a group of young veterans organized to oust the local
machine and elect their own slate in the primary. We may deplore the use of
force but we must also recognize the lesson which this incident points for us
all. When the majority of the people know what they want, they will obtain it.
Any local, state or national government, or any political machine, in order to
live, must give the people assurance that they can express their will freely
and that their votes will be counted. The most powerful machine cannot exist
without the support of the people. Political bosses and political machinery can
be good, but the minute they cease to express the will of the people, their
days are numbered.
This is a lesson which wise political leaders learn young, and you can be pretty
sure that, when a boss stays in power, he gives the majority of the people what
they think they want. If he is bad and indulges in practices which are
dishonest, or if he acts for his own interests alone, the people are unwilling
to condone these practices.
When the people decide that conditions in their town, county, state or country
must change, they will change them. If the leadership has been wise, they will
be able to do it peacefully through a secret ballot which is honestly counted,
but if the leader has become inflated and too sure of his own importance, he
may bring about the kind of action which was taken in Tennessee.
If we want to continue to be a mature people who, at home and abroad, settle our
difficulties peacefully and not through the use of force, then we will take to
heart this lesson and we will jealously guard our rights. What goes on before
an election, the threats or persuasion by political leaders, may be bad but it
cannot prevent the people from really registering their will if they wish to.
The decisive action which has just occurred in our midst is a warning, and one
which we cannot afford to overlook.
-----------------------------------------
SOURCE: The Daily Post-Athenian, Athens, Tenn., August 21, 1946; Page 1,6.
Lincoln Said It And It Applies Now As Then
BY JOHN PECK
"The government, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit
it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can
exercise their constitutional right of amending it, or their revolutionary
right to dismember or overthrow it." Abraham Lincoln
We have seen the latter part of the above quotation exercised here in McMinn
County. We now have the opportunity to see the first part of it carried out.
What Lincoln meant was just this: The government of any group of people is in
the hands of the people and they must carry on an active part in maintaining
their government unless they want to abide by the rule of a few unscrupulous
persons who find ways and means of getting the reins of power in governmental
offices. If the people as a whole do not maintain a vigilant watch over matters
of government a few people, grasping for power and domination find it easy to
undermine all the principles of democracy.
It has been said that the situation now prevailing in McMinn County puts its
citizens in the best position of any county in the state and possibly in the
nation as to the control and manipulation of its government.
We are in just that position if the people as a whole will attend the
county-wide mass meetings tomorrow night and participate in the election of the
representatives of their respective communities who will serve on the Board of
Directors of the Good government League of McMinn County.
The people who are elected must have the knowledge that they have the backing of
all the people in their community when they go to the various meetings of the
Board of Directors and vote on the matters of government that come before that
body.
The choice is in your hands; 1. Take an active part in your government, as is
your duty and privilege as a citizen, or 2. The next time you find that your
government has fallen into the hands of unscrupulous politicians just say,
"It's my own fault, I had a chance to do something about it but slept
through it."
-------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE: The Knoxville Journal, August 10, 1946; Page 1, 2.
Arkansas GIs Threat New Riots
Say Athens, Tenn., Outbreak May Be Mild In Comparison
Little Rock, Ark., Aug. 9 (UP) — Determined veterans' opposition to
entrenched local political machines flared heatedly in several Arkansas
counties today, and one GI candidate said the Athens, Tenn., rioting would be
"mild in comparison if there are any irregularities" at the polls.
At Malvern, William Weaver, veteran and candidate for sheriff in Hot Springs
County, charged his opponent, Ed Deere, was "custodian" of the ballot
boxes and warned that "what will happen here" would eclipse the
Tennessee GI political revolt.
In Yell County, near the Oklahoma border, a crowd of 1500 veterans prepared for
a mass meeting tonight to draft an independent ticket to oppose the machine
slate of Chancellor John E. Chambers in general elections in the "free
state of Yell."
In Hot Spring County, Weaver and Coyle Collie, veteran of the Battle of the
Bulge, are trying to overthrow the long-entrenched machine of Sheriff Jack
Knight.
GIs at Malvern planned a meeting tomorrow night. Weaver said "we just want
to get a foot in the door of Knight's 'little Tammany' machine."
Meanwhile, a five-man committee of veterans found an 87-vote discrepancy in
votes cast for county treasurer, thus placing Norman Gray, veterans' candidate,
in a runoff with incumbent Treasurer Ernest Stroud. The first official count
declared Stroud the winner with a majority, but disgruntled GI forces appointed
the committee last night to examine the ballots.
In Ouachita a hot election loomed in which veterans are opposing veterans.
Despite a no-political clause in its constitution, the Arkansas Department of
Veterans of Foreign Wars entered the picture with a statement by State
Commander Bob Ed. Loftin, who charged politicians were trying to
"use" the VFW vote to influence undecided voters.
In Hot Springs (Garland County), a final move to defeat the only successful GI
candidate against Mayor Leo McLaughlin's potent local machine, failed today.
Prosecuting Atty. Curtis Ridgeway, defeated by ex-Marine Col. Signey McMath,
demanded a recount, but the new totals changed only two votes.
McMath was the only veteran-supported candidate to win the recent primary.
----------------------------------
SOURCE: The Chattanooga Daily Times, Thursday, August 8, 1946
Repeat on Athens Narrowly Avoided
Crockett County Just Misses Election Day Violence
Alamo, Tenn., Aug 7 (AP) — a Crockett County political leader revealed
today that violence similar to that which marked the Tennessee election at
Athens last week was narrowly avoided here.
J. T. Green, post commander of the American Legion, disclosed that two mass
meetings of veterans were held to dissipate tension among the supporters of an
air force veteran, John Paul Butler, 26, who ran for state representative.
"Our boys were ready to go," said Green, "but we didn't want an
Athens job here. We want to see what can be done legally in the matter."
Butler, whose campaign was managed by Green, was defeated by former State Sen.
W. H. Stallings of near-by Friendship by 14 votes. Green said the result would
be contested before the state primary board. "It would have been the same
as Athens here," said Butler, "except that we quieted our boys down.
We talked them out of using violence."
Butler said his opponent was supported by "a machine."
------------------------------------------------
The Chronology of The Battle of Athens
Election Day, August 1, 1946
9:00 am
Voting poles opened. Voter turn out was heavy.
The First Flare Up — Precinct 1 (Courthouse)
The Jailing of Walter Ellis
Shortly after 10:00 am
Conflicting reports as to when Walter Ellis, GI election judge was arrested, one
account says 9:30, another says shortly after 10:00 am, but the overall details
are consistent. Ellis was summarily arrested and hauled off to the county jail.
He was replaced by Fred West. Dispute over who exactly Fred West was
immediately erupted. The sheriff's office described West as another GI; Jim
Buttram, the GI ticket manager described him as a deputy sheriff and local
bartender.
Ellis was held incommunicado at the county jail, and Sheriff Mansfield's men
flatly declined to permit either reporters or Buttram to see him. Magistrate
Herman Moses, when asked what charges had been placed declared Ellis had
"attempted to perpetrate a fraud" by marking ballots in Precinct 1,
at the courthouse. Buttram admitted frankly he did not know what had happened
in the voting precinct prior to Ellis' arrest but said Sheriff Mansfield's men
refused to permit him to make bond for Ellis or to tell him what charges had
been placed against the ex-GI.
The Courthouse (Precinct 1)
11:00 am-2:00 pm
The corridor of the courthouse was crowded with voters, both men and women.
Ellis already had been removed, but evidently in fear of some disorder, about
20 deputies, hands on pistols, and blackjacks ready, pushed through the crowd
to the voting precinct.
This overgrown combat squad was reinforced by several uniformed and armed city
policemen and a state highway patrolman with his hand fingering a heavy
revolver.
The deputies ranged themselves around the voting precinct and several, including
one dressed like a character from a western movie, placed themselves on the
steps where they could watch the entire corridor. Ex-servicemen regard the
day's proceedings with varying attitudes but most of them displayed a
bitterness seldom seen in the fighting lines. One ex-soldier watching the
guarded vote counting before it was moved to the county jail said: "Over
there we had something to fight back with." Another remarked, "We
just aren't well enough organized and we haven't got guns. We haven't got a
chance with this gestapo."
"This is causing a lot of bitterness, and a lot of it will come later
today," a man remarked.
The Shooting of Tom Gillespie
Precinct 11, Athens Water Company Building
2:45 pm
Tom Gillespie, a [black] farmer came into the Athens Water Company building,
which was serving as the 11th Precinct, to vote. It is not clear which of
Cantrell's men positioned himself behind Gillespie to observe his vote but when
he was observed to be preparing to vote "the wrong way" the Cantrell
man told Gillespie, "You'll have to get out of here. You're voting in the
wrong precinct."
3:00 pm
Gillespie protested to Deputy Windy Wise, "I've always voted here
before."
For this monumental impertinence, Wise slugged Gillespie with brass knuckles and
shot him with what was said to be a U.S. Army .45 as he stumbled out the door.
Gillespie suffered a flesh wound in the small of the back and was taken off by
deputy sheriffs for what they said would be treatment.
Just to show that the racial question didn't enter into this
travesty-on-an-election, the gold starred deputies directed their attention to
the GI election clerks and women who were witnessing the count.
Apparently, their presence was embarrassing to the professional election
thieves. Election Judge (and deputy sheriff) Karl Neil, pistol on hip, ordered
Mrs H. A. Vestal and five other women to leave the polls. "Get out!"
said Neil.
The women stood their ground. "We have a right to watch you count the
ballots," one said.
Go on, get out of here!" shouted Neil, and the women filed out, protesting.
This wasn't enough. Four GI's remained to keep the ballot thieves in line. They
were James Edward Vestal (Mrs. Vestal's son), Charles Scott, Jr., Charley Hyde,
and J. P. Cartwright.
The [Cantrell] machine had six of its bigger bicep boys there, three wearing
sidearms. Deputy Neil then ordered Cartwright and Hyde to "go up in the
front and sit down." They said they couldn't see the count from there.
"Go on up front and sit down, you don't have to see us count 'em."
snarled a muscular thug.
Cartwright said he wouldn't stay if he couldn't witness the count, so he and
Hyde left. This left Vestal and Scott as the only GI watchers for Precinct 11.
When Cartwright and Hyde emerged, a roar of anger went up from the hundreds of
citizens across the street. The eight or nine deputies in front of the
waterworks office fingered their weapons. Charles Scott, Sr. sent word in to
his son and Vestal to "come on out. We don't want you boys alone in there
with those gangsters."
GI Judge Bob Hairrell Beaten 3:15 pm
Bob Hairrell, GI judge, beaten by Minis Wilburn, officer of the election, 12
precinct, North White Street, Athens.
The First Poll Closing (Illegally)
12th Precinct, Dixie Café
3:55 pm
The first closing come at the 12th Precinct, back of the Dixie Café and
next to the county jail. The legal closing time was 4 pm. The door was locked
and Sheriff Mansfield's men lifted an automobile to the sidewalk, placed it
directly in front of the precinct door. Two other cars were placed across the
narrow alley to block access to the area of the voting place, and sheriff's
deputies, hands on their pistols, guard against entry into the area.
4:15 pm?
While GIs watched with a scowl Sheriff Mansfield and a dozen of his deputies
piled into two cars and drove off to the 11th Precinct at the Water Commission
office. There, deputies, with guns ready, kept all observers away from the
sidewalk in front of the office, and a throng of several hundred watched
silently from across the street.
Vote Counting
11th Precinct, Water Commission Office
4:20 pm?
Inside, according to stories the GIs told later, Charles Scott, Jr., and James
Howard Vestal, watchers for the GI ticket, were ordered to take seats in front
of the room, while the vote counting, by Cantrell men, went on at the rear.
Vestal and Scott demanded that they either be permitted to see the ballots or
be allowed to leave the area. The sheriff's men refused and ordered them to,
"Sit down, you're staying right here." They sat down. A few minutes
later, Scott told the machine politicians again that they were leaving. At
this, the machine men barricaded the ex-GIs behind a counter and locked the
door.
4:45 pm.
"We jumped on the counter, climbed over it and tried to get out. The door
was locked," Vestal said "and Charlie hit it with his shoulder. They
were right at us and trying to slug us with knuckles and their guns. He broke
the glass and we stumbled through. Charlie was cut around the shoulders. I got
cut a little too, and fell down coming through the door." The door was a
plate glass set in a wood frame.
A Sickening Sight
Then over a thousand people witnessed a sickening sight. Vestal who was until
January of this year a first lieutenant in the army engineers corps and twice
wounded in the Pacific, scrambled to his feet, blood dripping from a gash in
his left hand. Scott too, picked himself up. Through the broken glass,
immediately on their heels squirmed Deputy Sheriff Wendy Wise, a shiny .38
revolver poked out in front of his nose. He shouted something which was lost in
the moan which went through the crowd. Women screamed; one shouted, "Oh,
god, here it comes." From a long line of ex-soldiers on the sidewalk
across the street came gasp's, then cries "let's go get 'em!";
"No, we got no guns, stay away from them .45s." Vestal and Scott,
whether heeding Wise's orders or through quick instinct, threw their hands high
above their heads and walked slowly and alone across the empty street to the
refuge of the crowd. Wise leveled his revolver at their backs, then whirled
with the instinct of the gunman to one side and then the other to insure
against a potshot at himself from the crowd — then aimed again at the
backs of the veterans. George Spurling, another deputy, popped up at Wise's
side and slowly brought his pistol down in the direction of the retreating
boys, aiming either at them or some of the jeering GIs on the sidewalk to which
they were going. He and Wise for a few seconds gave every appearance of being
trigger happy. It seemed to us, standing just across the street, that Spurling
was in the act of pressing his trigger when another deputy half grabbed his
arm, gave him a half-dozen swift slaps in the ribs as a signal not to fire. As
Vestal and Scott completed their long, measured march, their GI comrades,
boiling mad by now, cried to Wise and other deputies, "Throw down your
guns and come out in the street and we'll fight you man for man.
4:50 pm
Wise ducked back into the Water Commission Office.
4:55 pm
But further activity was forestalled when Chief Deputy Boe Dunn drove up in a
blue sedan, with two ex-soldiers, Felix Harrod, election clerk, and Tom Dooley,
election judge, for the all GI ticket were, being forcibly held and transported
by Dunn's group, as six men piled out. The deputies formed a cordon from the
precinct to the car and Dunn himself went in and stole the ballot box. At least
15 pistols were trained on the citizens of Athens as the deputies rolled away
with the ballot box. They went straight to the county jail. Several citizens
broke from the crowd, shouting, "Get your guns, boys, get your guns!"
Vestal and Scott Taken To The Hospital
Vestal's wounds were treated by Dr. C.O. Foree in the physician's clinic. Two
stitches were required to close the slash on his ankle. He also suffered a cut
hand. Vestal was a first lieutenant in the 3rd Combat Engineers, 24th Division.
He was overseas 30 months, was hit by a Jap hand grenade once and wounded by
artillery fire once. "How did today compare to fighting overseas?" he
was asked. He was quiet for a moment. "Well, today it made you madder than
it did over there. And it was closer range."
First Violent Incident in McMinn County
Kennedy's Essankay Tire Company
5:10 pm
W. O. Kennedy, Republican election commissioner and crowd of veterans walked to
Kennedy's garage and tire shop near the center of town. Two deputies, with
badges and sidearms walked toward the crowd. This was a mistake as this was
most assuredly seen in the abstract a representation of a decade of tyranny and
oppression of a despotic government, the Cantrell political machine. The crowd
was quickly inflamed at the arrogance of the two deputies and suddenly there
were yells of "Kill them, kill them" sounded in the streets. The
deputies drew their guns and prepared to shoot down anyone who came near.
It is the trained and instinctive nature of veterans of war to react offensively
at such an oppressive act committed by the deputies. Otto Kennedy and his
civilian task force accepted the challenge. They rushed across the street and
overwhelmed the two deputies before the pair could choose a target for their
fire.
W. O. Kennedy, his two brothers and several other furious vets attacked the
deputies with a proper assault and battery upon their faces and ripping their
clothes.
The crowds packing the main square heard of an impending attack by the sheriff's
force and rushed to the scene.
First False Alarm
Cries of "here they come" sent the onlookers scattering wildly for
shelter but the garage garrison stood firm and waited for the assault. When no
more gunmen appeared alter five minutes the crowd came out from the hedges,
homes and parked cars.
By now there were literally thousands of people — mostly men —
strung along a three-block area. They were frightened people, and people who
were ashamed of their town's politics, but something in the attitude of these
embattled veterans held them.
Second Alarm Netted Two More Deputies
The veterans waited. The mob huddled back against the store as soon as the shot
came. Another thunderous warning, "Here they come," emptied the
streets. It was an anti-climax. There were no onrush carloads of deputies. Only
two deputies appeared.
They had guns of course. But the group at the garage had two guns now. Kennedy's
rangers made short work of them as they had the first two. The second pair were
marched into the garage to join the first pair. Chattanooga Times reporter
Richard Rogers attempted to mingle among the crowd when he was spotted as an
unrecognizable intruder by a veteran and that veteran challenged him for his
business being there. The reporter identified himself and was promptly escorted
into the garage were the captured deputies were. In any act of revolt there is
the human nature to extract the same king of punishment upon the tyrannical
proponents that they had inflicted upon the citizenry. The veteran guards over
the four deputies, in using intimidation and humiliation tactics common in any
war goaded any one or all the deputies to attempt anything to give
justification in the veteran's desire to shoot them, saying "Go ahead, you
sons of --------. I'd love to kill every --------- one of you. The reporter's
escort pushed him closer to the deputies quite possibly to provide the reporter
the opportunity to interview the prisoners, saying to the deputies,
"Here's a reporter."
Third Alarm Nets Three More Deputies
This interview arrangement was interrupted with another alarm warning from
outside. "Here they come!" The reporter's escort spun around, and ran
outside again. One guard ran after him. This left the four deputies with one
veteran guard and the reporter. The lone guard threatened the prisoners saying,
"If those guys get in here and get me, I'll kill you first." Another
yell bellowed from the street. A veteran stuck his head through the door and
shouted "Watch out! They're going to rush us." The reporter ducked
behind a stack of tires.
Just then there came the loudest most frightening, skin crawling roar of voices
those people could emit. The reporter saw the lone guard waving one gun in his
direction and upon seeing its muzzle, comparing it to the size of Chattanooga's
Braided Tunnel, he jumped through the window which was behind him and the stack
of tires.
Now out on the street the reporter had seen that the crowd had grown and saw one
carrying a 12-gauge shotgun and another had a repeating rifle. Unexpectedly,
three deputies appeared on the street. Two were overcome immediately. The third
was overpowered by Otto Kennedy, throwing himself upon the larger man, shoved
his own .45 against the fellow's face and the fight went out of the deputy.
That was the last capture of the engagement.
Transport Seven Captured Deputies Out of Town
5:30 p.m.
The crowd remained in the streets. The veterans pleaded for volunteers to haul
the deputies out of town, and one by one, citizens came forward with
automobiles.
One of these was an aged gentleman who operates a hardware store near the
Essankay garage. He introduced himself as Emmett Johnson. "Do you live in
Athens, sir?"
"I do. And today I'm ashamed of my home. These gangsters have disgraced us.
If the boys want my car they can have it. They can have anything. They should
have started cleaning up on those crooks a long time ago." As the deputies
lives were in grave danger they were put into cars and driven out of town. Then
the crowd was told to scatter. The crowd reluctantly dispersed.
W. O. Kennedy Interviewed By Five Chattanooga Times Staff Reporters Kennedy
agreed to an interview with the Chattanooga Times. Five of the Times staff
drove a mile into the country to Kennedy's home. At the Kennedy home were Otto
Kennedy introducing his brothers J.P. and C.O.; J.B. Adams, his son-in-law, and
Frank McCracken.
Otto Kennedy revealed the deputies were out-of-towners. And one claimed he got
arrested this morning on a traffic charge and instead of paying the fine they
made him a deputy and gave him a gun.
Second Ballot Box Taken To Jail
6:35 pm
The sheriff's men, assisted by state highway patrolmen and city policemen
removed the automobile from in front of Precinct 12 (Dixie Café) and
carried the ballot box into the McMinn County bastille, where presumably, Ellis
and several other GIs still were being held incommunicado. As the sheriff's men
carried the box across the jailhouse lawn, they were preceded by two men armed
with shotguns and followed by four more equipped with heavy-gauge shotguns and
high-powered rifles. Apparently pistols, of which several hundred were on
display, were not longer considered to handle the occasion.
GI's Gather At GI Headquarters
7:30 p.m.
GI's Converge On The Jail
8:45 p.m.
A crowd of about 500 armed with pistols and light rifles moved on the jail.
Battle Begins
9:00 pm
Ralph Duggan, a former Navy lieutenant commander and a leader of the ex-GI's
said the crowd was "met by gun fire" and because they had
"promised that the ballots would be counted as cast," they had
"no choice but to meet fire with fire." Violence flared anew with GIs
reported firing on the county jail. Shooting began around 9:00 pm for the first
time. Sheriff Pat Mansfield Interviewed By Chattanooga Daily Times Via
Telephone
10:00 pm
Sheriff Pat Mansfield breaks off telephone conversations to Chattanooga Daily
Times, stating "I can't talk anymore — there's mob violence at the
County Jail right now. Things are too hot here now. I haven't got time to talk
to you — I'm standing in front of the door." he said hurriedly as he
hung up the telephone.
Sheriff Pat Mansfield and Deputies Threaten Hostages
11:00 pm
Sheriff Pan Mansfield and deputies threatened to kill three GI hostages held
within the jailhouse. The three GI hostages are Felix Harrod, Tom Dooley and
Walter Ellis.
Thousands of Rounds Exchanged
11:35 pm-12:40 am
Thousands of rounds of shots were exchanged between ex-GIs and an estimated 75
deputies barricaded in the McMinn County jail. No state guardsman had arrived
at 12:40. Former soldiers were pouring lead into every opening in the brick
jail. The officers' returning fire was weakening. Some GIs were firing from
ground level across White Street. Others were on roofs on the Power Company
Building and other near-by structures.
Tennessee State Guard Mobilized?
12:00 am (midnight)
State Adj.-Gen. Hilton Butler announced that he was mobilizing the Sixth
Regiment of the State Guard in connection with election violence in McMinn
County. This report was later proven untrue.
GIs Cut Telephone Lines To The Jail
1:00 am
GIs cut telephone lines to the jail. The officers, inside the jail, were out of
ammunition or running extremely low. Firing of the GIs included rapid bursts of
10 or more shots. Apparently they were using some automatic rifles.
Last Warning! Deputies Threaten Hostages' Lives
2:00 am
Deputies sent out last warning that they would kill three GI hostages within the
jail immediately if the firing did not end.
GIs Replied With Ultimatum Of Their Own
2:20 am
GIs issued an ultimatum to the deputies to come out with hands upraised or the
crowd would rush the jail.
GIs Escalate The Fight With Use of Dynamite
2:59 am
The ex-GIs went into action with demolition charges — home made, but
effective. After a fourth blast had rocked the jail one of the deputies leaned
from the building and shouted "Stop that blasting. We'll give up —
we're dying in here. Firing continued a few moments then stopped.
The Deputies Surrendered
3:02-3:30 a.m.
The officers began filing out of the battered building. They were searched, and
roughly, by the attackers and marched back into the building to be locked in
cells under guard of the ex-GIs. When Wyse came out, several in the crowd
surged forward and mauled him with fists and elbows before he could be returned
to comparative safety of the bullet scarred jail.
Riots & Destruction Begin
3:45 a.m.
Automobiles belonging to deputy sheriffs overturned in streets, smashed and
burned.
4:00 a.m. Sunrise.
Battle over. The veterans armed with rifles were patrolling the streets to
maintain order by sunrise.
George Woods Concedes
5:00 a.m.
By telephone George Woods concedes GI victory.
Paul Cantrell Concedes Defeat
7:05 am
Frank Cantrell, Mayor of Etowah issued the following statement: "In behalf
of my brother Paul Cantrell, I wish to concede the election to the G.I.
candidates in order to prevent further shooting. (Signed) Frank Cantrell.
Deputies Released From Jail 9:00 a.m.
GIs Disperse 10:00 a.m.
Three-man Commission Elected
4:00 p.m., Saturday, Aug. 3
Three man commission chosen as governing body by mass meeting at Court House.
Volunteers by hundreds offer assistance in setting up government framework.
Cleansing & Restoration
4:00 p.m. Friday to 5:00 p.m. Saturday, Aug. 3
Curious crowds mill streets as the new government cleans up
"hot-spots." Beer sales banned. Town is orderly.
Rumored Biggs-Mansfield Invasion Sets GIs On Alert
9:00 p.m. Saturday
Rumor and newspaper story from Knoxville sets off high strung nerves with the
report that Biggs and Mansfield will attempt to storm Athens.
1,500 Citizens Converge On Athens
9:00 pm
Fifteen hundred citizens pour into Athens with firearms to back the new
government. Telephone calls from neighboring cities pledge aid if needed in
defense of the town.
GIs on Patrol
7:00 p.m. Saturday Aug. 3 to Sunrise Sunday, Aug. 4
Athens is patrolled by GIs and citizens.
George Woods Returns to McMinn County Under GI Escort
4:00 p.m. Sunday, August 4
G-I CLAIM ELECTION TO OFFICE — ISSUE STATEMENT
This special announcement was hand to the Daily Post-Athenian and Radio Station
WLAR at 3:02 A.M. by the Non-Partisan Candidates for immediate release shortly
before the exodus of imprisoned officials in the county jail:
"The G-I election officials went to the polls unarmed to have a fair
election, as Pat Mansfield promised. They were met with black-jacks and
pistols.
"Several G-I officials were beaten and the ballot boxes were moved to the
jail. The G-I supporters went to the jail to get these ballot boxes and were
met by gunfire.
"The G-I candidates had promised that the votes would be counted as cast.
They had no choice but to meet fire with fire.
"In the precincts where the G-I candidates were allowed watchers they led
by three to one majorities.
"THE G-Is ARE ELECTED AND WILL SERVE AS YOUR COUNTY OFFICIALS BEGINNING
SEPT. 1st, 1946."
The G-I Candidates, thus claiming election to officer are:
Knox Henry — Sheriff
Frank Carmichael — Trustee
Bill Hamby — Circuit Court Clerk
Charlie Pickle — Register of Deeds
Campaign Mgr for the G-Is was Jim Buttram.
George Woods returns to McMinn County under protection by the GI-Citizens
Government.
Sheriff Mansfield Resigned
5:00 p.m. Sunday
Word is received from Nashville that Mansfield had resigned as sheriff.
George Woods Declares GI's Elected
10:00 a.m. Monday, August 5
George Woods signs election certificate declaring GIs officially McMinn County
Officers.
JPFO, Dept. GA
PO Box 270143
Hartford, WI 53027
